Transformations
Summary of the Rules
Transformations of any family of functions follow these rules:
- f(x) + c is f(x) translated upward c units
- f(x) - c is f(x) translated downward c units
- f(x + b) is f(x) translated left b units
- f(x - b) is f(x) translated right b units
- -f(x) is f(x) reflected about the x-axis
- f(-x) is f(x) reflected about the y-axis
- a•f(x) stretches the graph vertically if a > 1
- a•f(x) shrinks the graph vertically if 0 < a < 1